Draft:Pseudopedia/Revisionist International

The Revisionist International, commonly referred to as RI, is a proposed international organization of political parties and individuals who identify themselves as communist revisionists. The term "revisionist" in this context refers to a departure from traditional communist ideologies, with proponents advocating for a pro-market socialist worldview. While still rooted in Marxist principles, the RI seeks to reconcile Marxist theory with modern economic realities, embracing a more pragmatic approach to socialism.

The RI's proposed agenda includes advocating for policies that promote economic liberalization, decentralization of power, and protection of individual rights within a socialist framework. They emphasize the need for pragmatic and adaptable policies that are responsive to local conditions and promote sustainable economic development. The RI seeks to engage in dialogue and cooperation with other political organizations and governments around the world to advance its vision of a modern, market-oriented socialism that prioritizes social welfare and individual freedoms.

Nikkita Khruschev and Deng Xiaoping.

Background

Revisionism, in the context of communism, refers to a political ideology that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as a departure from traditional Marxist principles. It is commonly associated with the revisionist debates that took place within the socialist and communist movements, particularly in Europe, during this time period. Revisionists argued for a more moderate and pragmatic approach to achieving socialist goals, often advocating for reforms within existing capitalist systems rather than advocating for revolutionary overthrow.

One of the most notable figures associated with revisionism was Eduard Bernstein, a German Social Democrat who challenged key aspects of Marxist theory, including its emphasis on class struggle and the inevitability of revolution. Bernstein argued for a focus on incremental reforms and democratic processes, rather than violent revolution, as a means of achieving socialist objectives. This approach was met with both support and criticism within the socialist movement, with some seeing it as a necessary adaptation to changing social and economic conditions, while others viewed it as a betrayal of Marxist principles. The debates and conflicts surrounding revisionism continue to be an important part of communist history, shaping the development of socialist ideologies and movements around the world.

During the post-Stalin era, several leaders in the Eastern Bloc countries, including Nikita Khrushchev in the Soviet Union and Władysław Gomułka in Poland, were often referred to as revisionists. These leaders were accused of deviating from the strict interpretations of Marxist-Leninist doctrine that had been established during the Stalinist era. They pursued policies that were seen as more moderate and pragmatic, which included a focus on economic reforms, consumer goods production, and a relaxation of political repression.

These post-Stalinist leaders were criticized by hardline communists who viewed their policies as a departure from the revolutionary and class struggle principles of traditional Marxism. They were accused of revising or "watering down" communist ideology in order to accommodate capitalist elements, and were often labeled as revisionists by their opponents. However, supporters of these leaders argued that they were adapting communism to the changing realities of their respective countries, and that their policies were aimed at improving the living standards of their populations.

Deng Xiaoping, a Chinese politician and leader of the People's Republic of China, has been described by some critics as a revisionist within the context of communism. Deng's economic policies, particularly his implementation of market-oriented reforms and opening up of China to foreign investment, were seen as a departure from the traditional Marxist-Leninist ideology that had guided China's communist revolution under Mao Zedong. Deng's emphasis on economic development, pragmatic decision-making, and the pursuit of wealth creation, rather than strict adherence to class struggle and revolutionary principles, led some to label him as a revisionist. However, his policies also brought about significant economic growth and modernization in China, and continue to shape the country's trajectory as a global economic power.

Revisionism as a term

Within the communist spectrum, particularly among orthodox communists such as Stalinists and Hoxhaists, the term "revisionism" has often been used as an offense against those who deviate from strict interpretations of Marxist-Leninist ideology. Revisionism is viewed as a betrayal of the fundamental principles of communism, with proponents of this ideology accused of diluting or "revising" communist doctrines to accommodate capitalist elements or deviate from revolutionary principles.

Orthodox communists who identify as Stalinists or Hoxhaists often view revisionism as a threat to the purity and integrity of communism, and employ the term as a means of discrediting and ostracizing those who do not adhere to their strict interpretation of communist ideology. Revisionists are often accused of compromising the principles of class struggle, revolution, and the establishment of a proletarian state in their pursuit of pragmatic policies or reforms that are seen as departing from traditional Marxist-Leninist teachings.

The use of "revisionism" as an offense by orthodox communists has led to internal debates and conflicts within communist movements, with accusations of betrayal, opportunism, and deviation from revolutionary principles often resulting in schisms and factionalism. While some see revisionism as a necessary adaptation to changing times and economic realities, orthodox communists view it as a deviation from the true path of communism and a dilution of its revolutionary essence.

The use of "revisionism" as an offense by orthodox communists has sometimes resulted in certain groups or individuals feeling ostracized from the broader communist movement. These individuals, often labeled as revisionists by orthodox communists, have found themselves marginalized and excluded due to their deviations from strict Marxist-Leninist doctrines. In response, some individuals and groups have adopted revisionism as a self-identity, embracing the term as a way to challenge and redefine communist ideology.

As a result, a niche movement of self-identified communist revisionists has emerged, advocating for a pro-market socialist worldview and calling for the formation of a "Revisionist International." These proponents of revisionism argue that traditional Marxist-Leninist ideologies have failed to adapt to changing times and economic realities, and that a more pragmatic and moderate approach, which embraces elements of market-oriented socialism, is needed for the advancement of communist ideals. However, this stance is often controversial within the broader communist movement, with debates and conflicts continuing to arise between orthodox communists and self-identified revisionists.

Ideology

The ideology of the Revisionist International, a proposed international organization of parties and proponents of communist revisionism, is characterized by a departure from traditional Marxist-Leninist doctrines and a pro-market socialist worldview. Drawing influences from reformist movements within socialist regimes across the world, the Revisionist International advocates for pragmatic policies that combine elements of market-oriented socialism with the pursuit of social justice and equality.

The proponents of the Revisionist International argue that traditional Marxist-Leninist ideologies have failed to adapt to changing economic realities and have resulted in stagnation and inefficiencies. They advocate for economic reforms that promote innovation, competition, and private enterprise while retaining a commitment to social welfare and equality. The Revisionist International also emphasizes the importance of political freedoms, democratic governance, and human rights, in contrast to the more authoritarian tendencies often associated with traditional communist ideologies.

The Revisionist International seeks to create a platform for like-minded parties and individuals who identify as communist revisionists, recognizing the need for a more flexible and adaptive approach to socialist ideologies in the modern era. However, this ideology is not without controversy, as it is seen by some orthodox communists as a betrayal of the revolutionary principles of communism and a departure from the path of class struggle and revolution. Nevertheless, proponents of the Revisionist International continue to advocate for their vision of a more pragmatic, market-oriented socialism that incorporates elements of reformist movements from various socialist regimes around the world.

Anti-Stalinism

Anti-Stalinism is a significant aspect of the Revisionist International ideology. The movement often emphasizes a critical reevaluation of the Stalinist era and the policies implemented during Joseph Stalin's leadership in the Soviet Union. Revisionist communists within the movement often reject Stalin's authoritarianism, purges, and cult of personality, and instead advocate for a more liberal, open, and inclusive approach to socialist governance.

Within the Revisionist International, anti-Stalinism is typically characterized by a rejection of Stalin's centralized control, repression of dissent, and disregard for human rights. Revisionist communists often view these policies as antithetical to the true principles of communism, which they believe should be rooted in democratic decision-making, protection of individual freedoms, and the empowerment of the working class.

Furthermore, the Revisionist International proponents often calls for a reevaluation of historical events such as the purges, show trials, and Gulag system under Stalin's rule. Revisionist communists may criticize these actions as violations of socialist principles and advocate for truth, justice, and reconciliation for the victims of Stalinist repression.

In addition, anti-Stalinism in the Revisionist International often seeks to address the negative legacy of Stalinism within the broader communist movement. Revisionist communists may strive to distance themselves from the negative associations of Stalinism and emphasize a more progressive, inclusive, and democratic form of socialism that is responsive to the needs and aspirations of the people.

Indeed, within the Revisionist International, there is often a belief that Stalin and the Stalinist regime's governance style played a significant role in the eventual collapse of the USSR. Many Revisionist communists view the lack of intra-party democracy, centralized control, and lack of emphasis on light industry as key factors that contributed to the downfall of the Soviet Union.

Revisionist communists often argue that Stalin's authoritarian approach stifled dissent, limited political participation, and inhibited innovation and progress. They emphasize the need for intra-party democracy, where decision-making power is distributed more evenly among party members and democratic principles are upheld. Additionally, they highlight the importance of a balanced economic approach that includes the development of light industry and consumer goods, rather than an exclusive focus on heavy industry and military spending.

In this view, the legacy of Stalinism is seen as a hindrance to the long-term sustainability and success of socialist states. Revisionist communists advocate for a more open, inclusive, and democratic approach to governance that allows for greater participation, diversity of ideas, and checks and balances within the party structure. They believe that a more democratic and balanced economic approach can avoid the pitfalls that led to the collapse of the Soviet Union and create a more sustainable and vibrant socialist society.

It's important to note that the role of Stalin and the Stalinist regime in the collapse of the USSR is a complex and debated topic within the communist movement, and not all communists hold the same view. However, within the Revisionist International, there is a prevalent belief that the shortcomings of Stalinist governance and policies were detrimental to the long-term viability of the Soviet Union, and a more democratic and balanced approach is necessary for the success of socialist states in the future.

Socialist Technocracy

Technocracy is a system of governance where decisions and policies are made based on technical expertise and scientific knowledge, rather than political ideology or partisan interests. Within the context of the Revisionist International, there is often a strong support for technocracy as a means of efficient and effective governance.

Revisionist communists argue that technocracy can provide a rational and pragmatic approach to problem-solving, free from the influence of narrow political interests. They believe that qualified experts, rather than politicians driven by partisan considerations, should be entrusted with decision-making in areas such as economic planning, resource allocation, and social policy. This approach is seen as a way to ensure that decisions are made based on evidence, data, and expertise, rather than ideological biases or personal interests.

Furthermore, the Revisionist International often emphasizes the need to adapt socialist ideology to contemporary realities and changing circumstances. They argue that technocracy can help bridge the gap between theory and practice, by incorporating practical knowledge and expertise into policy-making. This approach is viewed as a way to make socialism more adaptable, responsive, and relevant to the needs of the people.

However, it's worth noting that the emphasis on technocracy within the Revisionist International is not without criticism. Some argue that an exclusive reliance on technical expertise may undermine democratic principles and exclude marginalized voices from decision-making processes. Others raise concerns about potential abuses of power and lack of accountability in a technocratic system.

Nevertheless, for many within the Revisionist International, technocracy is seen as a key component of their vision for a modern and effective socialist governance system. They believe that combining socialist principles with technocratic approaches can lead to a more efficient, pragmatic, and sustainable form of socialism that is capable of addressing the complex challenges of the modern world.

Democratization

Democracy is a complex and often debated topic within the context of the Revisionist International, while there is a wide range of beliefs and perspectives within the movement, many revisionists generally advocate for a form of democracy that aligns with the governance models of modern-day China, Vietnam, or Khrushchev's USSR. This typically involves a single-party communist regime under a reformist leadership.

Revisionists argue that democracy should not be seen solely through the lens of Western liberal democracy, which may not always be compatible with the specific historical, cultural, and economic contexts of socialist countries. They believe that democracy should be adapted to the unique conditions of each nation, taking into account the principles of socialism and the need for stability and social harmony.

In the vision of the Revisionist International, the role of the communist party is central to the democratic process. The party is seen as the vanguard of the working class and the leader of the socialist state. Revisionists argue that the party should have a monopoly on political power, but should also be accountable to the people and subject to democratic processes and mechanisms within the party itself.

Revisionists often emphasize the importance of participatory democracy, where the people have the right to participate in decision-making processes at various levels of government and society. This may involve mechanisms such as grassroots democracy, workers' councils, and people's congresses, which allow for direct participation of the people in policy-making and governance. However, the level and extent of democratic participation may vary depending on the specific context and conditions of each country.

Revisionists also advocate for the some grade of protection of individual rights and freedoms, including even freedom of speech, assembly, and association, within the framework of socialist principles. They believe that a healthy and vibrant civil society is important for the functioning of democracy, and that citizens should have the right to express their opinions and hold the government accountable without fear of repression if those views are not fundamentally against socialism or socialist rule.

It should be noted that the issue of democracy within the Revisionist International is complex and can vary depending on the specific interpretations and beliefs of different groups and individuals within the movement. While there is a general tendency towards a single-party communist regime under a reformist leadership, there may be differing views on the extent and nature of democratic mechanisms and processes. As with any political ideology, the concept of democracy in the context of the Revisionist International is subject to ongoing debate and evolution as the movement continues to develop and adapt to changing circumstances.

Intra-Party Democracy

In the context of communist revisionism, intra-party democracy refers to the democratic processes and mechanisms that take place within the communist party itself. Unlike traditional Marxist-Leninist ideologies that may prioritize centralization and strict party discipline, many proponents of communist revisionism emphasize the need for internal democracy and pluralism within the party.

Revisionist views on intra-party democracy vary, but generally, it involves allowing for diverse opinions, open debates, and active participation of party members in decision-making processes. This may involve mechanisms such as elections, debates, and discussions within the party, where different factions and viewpoints are encouraged to express their opinions and influence party policies.

Proponents of intra-party democracy argue that it helps to prevent the concentration of power, fosters healthy internal debates, and ensures that decisions are made collectively and reflect the will of the party members. It is seen as a way to enhance the party's responsiveness to the changing needs of society and to prevent the emergence of a monolithic and unaccountable leadership.

However, critics of intra-party democracy within communist revisionism may argue that it can lead to factionalism, weaken party unity, and undermine the authority of the party leadership. They may emphasize the importance of party discipline and centralization to maintain ideological coherence and stability within the party.

Market-Socialism

Market socialism is an economic system that combines elements of market-based mechanisms with socialist principles, and it is often considered a central aspect of the ideology of the Revisionist International. Market socialists advocate for the use of market forces to allocate resources, determine prices, and facilitate economic transactions, while also emphasizing the importance of social ownership and democratic control over the means of production.

In a market socialist system, the means of production, including industries, enterprises, and natural resources, are owned collectively or by the state on behalf of the people. The decision-making power over these assets is distributed among workers, communities, or the state, depending on the specific vision of market socialism. This collective ownership is seen as a way to prevent the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a few, and to ensure that the benefits of economic activity are shared more broadly.

At the same time, market socialists believe that market mechanisms, such as supply and demand, competition, and price signals, can play a role in guiding economic activity. Market forces are seen as a way to efficiently allocate resources, encourage innovation and entrepreneurship, and respond to changing consumer preferences. However, unlike in capitalist systems, where private ownership and profit maximization are the main drivers of economic decisions, in market socialism, the collective or state ownership aims to prioritize the well-being and needs of the people over private profits.

Market socialism is often seen as a pragmatic and flexible approach to economic organization that allows for a combination of planning and market coordination. It is believed that this system can foster economic growth, while also addressing issues such as inequality, exploitation, and environmental sustainability that are often associated with capitalism.

Within the ideology of the Revisionist International, market socialism is often viewed as a way to achieve a balance between socialist ideals and practical economic realities. It is seen as a means to harness the productive capacities of market mechanisms while maintaining collective ownership and control over the means of production. The Revisionist International seeks to promote and implement market socialism as a viable and sustainable economic system that aligns with their vision of democratic socialism and social justice.

The influence of market socialism can be traced to various thinkers and leaders who have been associated with the Revisionist International, including economists like Oskar Lange, Michał Kalecki, and Jaroslav Vanek, as well as political leaders like Deng Xiaoping, who implemented market-oriented reforms in China, and other socialist leaders who have embraced market socialism as a means of economic transformation.

Private Ownership

In the context of market socialism, private ownership and privatization are often debated and may be approached differently by different proponents of the ideology. While market socialism advocates for collective or state ownership of the means of production, some argue in favor of limited private ownership and privatization within certain parameters.

One argument in favor of private ownership within market socialism is that it can foster entrepreneurship, innovation, and competition. Proponents argue that private ownership can incentivize individuals to invest their capital and take risks in order to create new enterprises and develop new products or services. Private ownership can also provide incentives for efficiency and productivity, as businesses strive to be competitive in the market.

Additionally, some argue that limited privatization of certain non-strategic sectors or industries can help to address inefficiencies, improve governance, and promote accountability. By introducing market forces and private ownership, it is believed that competition and market mechanisms can help to drive efficiency and effectiveness in the provision of goods and services.

Proponents of private ownership within market socialism also argue that it can provide a means for wealth redistribution and social mobility. By allowing individuals or groups to accumulate wealth through private ownership, it is argued that market socialism can provide an avenue for creating a more equitable distribution of wealth, as long as it is balanced with strong regulations, taxation, and social safety nets to prevent excessive wealth concentration and exploitation.

However, it's worth noting that there are differing opinions within the broader socialist movement regarding the extent and nature of private ownership and privatization within market socialism. Some argue that any form of private ownership is antithetical to socialist principles, as it allows for the accumulation of wealth and power in the hands of a few, leading to inequality and exploitation. They may argue for stricter controls on private ownership and the prioritization of collective or state ownership as the primary mode of economic organization.

Inspirations

The ideology of the Revisionist International has been shaped by a wide range of influences from various socialist leaders around the world. One notable influence is Nikolai Bukharin, a prominent Bolshevik leader during the Russian Revolution and an advocate of market-oriented reforms within socialism. Bukharin's ideas on "Bukharinism" emphasized the importance of economic flexibility, inclusivity, and adaptation to local conditions, which align with the pragmatic and moderate approach of the Revisionist International.

Another significant influence is Liu Shaoqi, a Chinese communist leader who played a key role in the early stages of China's economic reforms. Liu Shaoqi's ideas on "Liuism" emphasized the need for economic development, technological advancement, and market-oriented reforms within the framework of socialism. His moderate and pragmatic approach towards economic policies, including the promotion of intra-party democracy, has resonated with some factions within the Revisionist International.

Although Trotsky's influence on the Revisionist International is limited due to his controversial position within communism, his ideas on permanent revolution and democratic socialism have inspired some factions within the movement who advocate for more progressive and inclusive approaches to socialism.

Zhao Ziyang, the former General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, is also seen as an influential figure within the Revisionist International. Zhao's ideas on economic liberalization, political reform, and democratization within socialism align with the movement's emphasis on intra-party democracy, pragmatic reforms, and inclusivity.

Additionally, the policies of Mikhail Gorbachev, the former General Secretary of the Soviet Union, have also influenced some factions within the Revisionist International. Gorbachev's ideas on glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) emphasized political and economic reforms, including greater political pluralism and market-oriented policies, which have resonated with some within the movement who advocate for a more progressive and inclusive approach to socialism.

New Economic Policy

The New Economic Policy (NEP) introduced in the Soviet Union under Vladimir Lenin's leadership in the 1920s has also been influential in shaping the ideology of the Revisionist International. The NEP was a pragmatic and temporary retreat from strict central planning and collectivization, allowing for limited market-oriented reforms and private enterprise within the framework of socialism.

The NEP emphasized the need for economic development and recovery after the devastating effects of the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War. It allowed for a certain degree of economic flexibility, including the restoration of limited private property and market mechanisms. This pragmatic approach was seen as a way to rebuild the economy and gain support from different segments of society, including peasants and small business owners.

The NEP is viewed by some within the Revisionist International as a model for combining socialist principles with market-oriented reforms to achieve economic growth and stability. It is seen as a pragmatic and flexible approach that allows for experimentation and adaptation to changing circumstances, rather than rigid adherence to a predetermined economic model. The NEP also emphasized the importance of taking into account the specific conditions and needs of different regions and sectors of the economy, rather than imposing a one-size-fits-all approach.

Furthermore, the NEP is also seen as an example of intra-party democracy, as it promoted discussions and debates within the Communist Party about economic policies and strategies. This emphasis on inclusivity, adaptability, and pragmatism has resonated with some factions within the Revisionist International who advocate for a more moderate and flexible approach to socialism.

It should be noted, however, that there are varying interpretations and debates within the Revisionist International about the implications and limitations of the NEP. Some argue that it was a temporary and context-specific policy that may not be applicable to modern times, while others see it as a timeless model for combining socialism with market-oriented reforms.

Dengism

Deng Xiaoping's ideology, commonly known as "Dengism," has had a significant influence within the Revisionist International. Deng Xiaoping, the paramount leader of China from the late 1970s until the early 1990s, is often seen as a pragmatic and moderate figure who introduced economic reforms and modernization efforts in China. His approach to socialism, which combines elements of market-oriented economic policies with a single-party communist regime, has been viewed favorably by many within the Revisionist International.

Dengism is often seen as a departure from traditional Marxist-Leninist ideology, as it advocates for a more flexible and adaptable approach to socialism. Deng emphasized the importance of economic development and modernization as a means to improve the living standards of the Chinese people, and he introduced market-oriented reforms that allowed for increased private enterprise and foreign investment. This pragmatic approach to economic policy, often referred to as "socialism with Chinese characteristics," has been seen as a model by some within the Revisionist International for achieving socialist goals while embracing elements of capitalism.

One of the key aspects of Dengism that has been influential within the Revisionist International is the concept of "authoritarian modernization." While Deng Xiaoping advocated for economic liberalization and modernization, he also maintained a firm grip on political power and maintained a single-party communist regime. This combination of moderate liberal economic policies with a somewhat authoritarian political approach has resonated with some members of the Revisionist International who believe in the need for strong leadership and state intervention in guiding economic development and social progress.

Moreover, Dengism's focus on "reform and opening up" has been seen as a way to adapt to changing global conditions and to modernize socialist systems in a way that is responsive to the needs of the people. This emphasis on pragmatism and adaptability, while maintaining a socialist vision, has resonated with some within the Revisionist International who believe in the need to evolve and adapt Marxist principles to the contemporary world.

However, it's important to note that the influence of Dengism within the Revisionist International is not without controversy. Some critics argue that Dengism represents a departure from traditional Marxist principles and a compromise with capitalist forces, and they view it as a form of revisionism that deviates from the original goals of communism. Nevertheless, within the Revisionist International, Dengism has gained popularity as a mainstream perspective that combines moderate liberal economic policies with a somewhat authoritarian political approach, with the belief that it can lead to socialist goals and modernization while maintaining a single-party communist regime.

Goulash Communism

Janos Kadar's Goulash Communism, also known as the Hungarian model or Hungarian-style socialism, has been another influential ideology within the Revisionist International. Janos Kadar served as the General Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party and the Prime Minister of Hungary during the period of 1956 to 1988, and his approach to socialism has been viewed as a pragmatic and reformist alternative to traditional Marxist-Leninist ideology.

Goulash Communism is characterized by its focus on economic reforms, decentralization of power, and a degree of political liberalization. Kadar sought to modernize Hungary's socialist system by implementing economic policies that promoted consumer goods and improved living standards, which earned the nickname "goulash communism" due to its emphasis on improving the quality of life for ordinary Hungarians. This approach was seen as a departure from the more rigid and centralized Soviet-style socialism that was prevalent in other Eastern European countries at the time.

One of the key features of Goulash Communism that has been influential within the Revisionist International is the concept of "socialism with a human face." Kadar emphasized the need to create a more humane and compassionate socialist society that prioritized the well-being and freedom of its citizens. This included measures such as allowing for limited private enterprise, encouraging cultural diversity and artistic expression, and promoting a more tolerant and inclusive political climate.

Moreover, Kadar's approach to political power was also distinct from traditional Marxist-Leninist ideologies, as he advocated for a more decentralized and inclusive form of governance. He introduced measures such as greater autonomy for local governments and increased dialogue with civil society organizations, which aimed to involve a wider range of voices in decision-making processes. This approach was seen as a way to foster greater popular participation and engagement, while maintaining the overall framework of a single-party communist system.

Titoism

Titoism, also known as the Yugoslav model or Yugoslav-style socialism, has been another significant influence within the ideology of the Revisionist International. Titoism refers to the political and economic system implemented by Josip Broz Tito, the former President of Yugoslavia, during his tenure from 1945 to 1980. Titoism is known for its unique brand of socialism, which deviated from the traditional Marxist-Leninist model and advocated for greater autonomy and self-management of enterprises, along with a focus on non-alignment in international relations.

One of the central aspects of Titoism is the concept of workers' self-management, which emphasized the decentralization of economic decision-making and a more participatory approach to socialism. Under Tito's leadership, Yugoslavia implemented policies that allowed for workers' councils to have greater control over their workplaces and the means of production. This approach was seen as a way to promote economic efficiency, innovation, and empower workers to have a direct say in the management of their workplaces.

Titoism also emphasized the importance of national self-determination and non-alignment in foreign relations. Tito pursued a policy of non-alignment during the Cold War, advocating for a position of neutrality and independence from both the Eastern Bloc and the Western Bloc. This approach allowed Yugoslavia to pursue its own foreign policy interests and maintain diplomatic relations with a diverse range of countries, regardless of their ideological orientation.

Furthermore, Titoism also promoted a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural approach to socialism, advocating for unity and cooperation among different ethnic groups within Yugoslavia. Tito emphasized the need to overcome ethnic and national differences and foster a sense of Yugoslav identity that transcended individual ethnicities. This approach was seen as a way to promote social cohesion, harmony, and inclusivity within the Yugoslav society.

Democratic Influences

The Revisionist International has also been influenced by democratic socialist leaders from various countries. One such influence is Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, commonly known as Lula, the former President of Brazil. Lula's social democratic policies focused on poverty reduction, economic growth, and social welfare, aligning with the Revisionist International's emphasis on pragmatic reforms that prioritize social equity and inclusive economic development.

Salvador Allende, the former President of Chile, is another democratic socialist leader whose ideas have influenced the Revisionist International. Allende's vision of a democratic and socialist society, with policies aimed at wealth redistribution, nationalization of key industries, and social welfare programs, has resonated with the movement's commitment to social justice and progressive economic policies.

Evo Morales, the former President of Bolivia, has also been an influential figure within the Revisionist International. Morales's policies of nationalization of natural resources, land reforms, and social welfare programs aimed at reducing poverty and inequality have aligned with the movement's emphasis on economic sovereignty and inclusive development.

Jeremy Corbyn, the former leader of the UK Labour Party, has been another influential figure within the Revisionist International. Corbyn's ideas on democratic socialism, including policies focused on social welfare, economic redistribution, and political democratization, have resonated with some factions within the movement who advocate for a more progressive and inclusive approach to socialism.

Jean-Luc Mélenchon, the French politician and leader of the La France Insoumise (France Unbowed) movement, has also had an influence on the Revisionist International. Mélenchon's ideas on economic justice, environmental sustainability, and participatory democracy align with the movement's commitment to social and economic equity, environmental protection, and intra-party democracy.

It is important to note that while the Revisionist International has drawn influences from democratic socialist leaders such as Lula, Allende, Morales, Corbyn, and Mélenchon, the movement's ideology may not fully align with Western-style democracy as traditionally understood. The Revisionist International may prioritize a single-party communist regime or advocate for unique forms of intra-party democracy, and may not fully embrace the multi-party democratic systems commonly found in Western democracies. The movement's ideology may also be shaped by the specific historical, cultural, and socio-political contexts of the regions where it has gained traction, resulting in variations and nuances in its approach to democratic governance.